![]() When the sanctions were applied, Venezuela was already deep in an economic crisis, and it is difficult to disentangle the effect of sanctions from the ongoing crisis-dynamics. In November 2020, Trump halted access to diesel which is used in the transport of goods, including food, through ending the exception from sanctions for crude-for-diesel swaps In 2019, the oil sanctions prevented Venezuela from exporting oil- which amounted to 95 per cent of the country’s export income. They prevented the nation from taking on new loans in the international market. The first substantive sanctions against Venezuela were issued in 2017. ![]() Second, substantive sanctions worsen economic crises. In Venezuela, however, the human rights situation has become dramatically worse over the last few year, with an explosion of extra-judicial executions and imprisonment of opposition actors. Individual sanctions have impact on the economy but can in some cases help to highlight the human rights situation. Such sanctions are being called for: for example, individuals in the regimes in Nicaragua and Myanmar. The first sanctions against persons connected to the government in Venezuela were issued by the United States in 2011 and after 2014 they were directed against persons linked to human rights abuses and the narcotics trade. ![]() The developments in Venezuela illustrate many of those conclusions and were therefore easy to predict:įirst, it is important to differentiate between individual sanctions against persons in positions of power and sanctions that block financial transactions or trade between countries or particular sectors. Since then, experiences have been addressed in a substantial literature, drawing quite clear conclusions about the consequences of use of sanctions. However, the effects and effectiveness of sanctions were criticized already in the late 1960s. Sanctions were originally launched as a peaceful foreign policy tool that could reduce the use of military force. Furthermore, the EU, Russia, and China have recently ramped up the use of sanctions- often in response to the United States. Thus far, there is little that indicates that Joe Biden will be less eager to apply sanctions. However, now that Biden’s general approach to sanctions seems to be rather similar to that of Trump, there is a need to review what sanctions can and cannot accomplish.ĭonald Trump set wild records regarding the amount of new sanction-actions issued against other countries- 3.900 total. This does not mean that all sanctions are wrong. ![]() The sanctions against Venezuela have worsened the economic crisis, contributed to consolidating Nicolás Maduro’s power, and deepened the criminalization of the economy. Happy Journalist's Day to me and to all my brave colleagues, in times when communicating and telling, becomes not only urgent but also necessary and indispensable to be able to move forward.This is a translation of an Opinion Piece published by my colleague Benedicte Bull, Professor of Political Science, Centre for Development and Environment, University of Oslo, Norway (the original was published in Norwegian in Dagsavisen on March 30th) In a world where old structures are crumbling, there is something that cannot be taken away, that remains and saves us and that is stories.įeliz día del periodista para mí y para todos mis valientes colegas, en tiempos en los que comunicar y contar, se hace no solo urgente sino también necesario e imprescindible para poder salir adelante. May curiosity and my eyes never fail me to show the unseen, to find the extraordinary in the ordinary, and may my commitment always remain to live to tell the tale.Įn un mundo donde las viejas estructuras se están derrumbando, hay algo que no se puede quitar, que permanece y nos salva y son las historias. Que la curiosidad y mis ojos nunca me fallen para mostrar lo que no se ve, para encontrar lo extraordinario en lo ordinario, y que mi compromiso siga siendo siempre vivir para contarlo. That this task that I am passionate about being a bridge to tell, now extends to helping others find how to tell their own. Que esa tarea que me apasiona de ser puente para contar, ahora se extienda para ayudar a que otros a que encuentren cómo contar la propia. Y aunque aún soy una pecesita en este mar de la comunicación mi mayor deseo es que todos los caminos me lleven cerca o más lejos a contar historias.Īnd although I am still a little fish in this sea of communication my greatest wish is that all roads lead me closer or further to tell stories. Since then, as previously stated, the integral social communicator is the one who owes to society and must answer the what, the who, the where, the when, the how and the why of what happens in the world and the care of its expressions.
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